天与地之书
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2025-04-27更新
最新编辑:AdaElena
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更新日期：2025-04-27
最新编辑：AdaElena
《天与地之书》是游戏《天国：拯救2》中的一本书籍，是传奇的传说集。
简介
或者，按照法国哲学家和天文学家尼古拉·奥雷姆在他的著作《天地论》中推测的那样，地球上看到的天体在运动只是表象，实际上这是因为地球本身在宇宙中运动而产生的现象。
Or, The Book about the Heavens and the Earth is an important work by the French philosopher and astronomer Nicole Oresme. In the book he speculates, among other things, that the visible movement of the heavenly bodies from the earth may be only apparent and its real cause is the movement of the earth through the cosmos.
内容
天主在上，本人，尼古拉·奥雷姆，鲁昂教堂的院长，将于此先容亚里士多德的《论天》。全知全能、盛名无双的查理王子，即天选之第五世法国国王、众贵士之才智的探寻者与拥戴者，已向本人委以嘱托，为奉其圣命，本人建议将《论天》翻译为法语并加以解释。
《论天》探究天空之真谛、创世元素之内核，因而得此题名，所谓“世界”即与天上地下的四大元素息息相关；在此著作中，“世界”被通俗地解读为天空与四大元素。在别处，“世界”所承载的内涵各不相同，但却均与此著作毫无关联。此著作由四本独立书籍组成。其一，亚里士多德于其中把宇宙视作整体，将其看作独一事物，并探讨了它的特性；其二，亚里士多德着眼于对天空的解读；其三，亚里士多德探讨了前人关于元素的看法；其四，书中阐述了亚里士多德本人关于元素的见解。而此著作的第一本书籍则涵盖了整整36篇章节。
1. 第一章，亚里士多德为“世界”自身在“量”与“寸”上的无可挑剔进行了证明。
2. 第二章，他对世界上物体如何进行三种简单运动做出了解释。
3. 第三章，他将自己对局部运动的观察应用于地球上的多个物体。
4. 第四章，他为脱离四大元素而进行简单物体假设的必要性给出了五大理由。
5. 第五章，他证明了天体非轻非重的特性。
6. 第六章，他提出了天体并非造物、难以侵蚀、无法扩张、不可销毁、无从扭曲的说法。
7. 第七章，他为先前的陈词列出了三项证明。
8. 第八章，他为圆周运动的非矛盾性做出了证明。
9. 第九章，他着手探讨是否存在无限大的物体。
10. 第十章，他证明了圆周运动中的物体不可能是无限的。
11. 第十一章，他指出任何能够进行直线运动的物体都不是无限的。
12. 第十二章，他证明了“轻”与“重”的有限性。
13. 第十三章，他以局部运动规则作为论据，对物体的非无限性进行了广泛论证。
14. 第十四章，他以各种运动与行为作依据，证明了物体的非无限性。
15. 第十五章，他为物体的非无限性给出了更常规但却更抽象的理由。
16. 第十六章，他探讨了是否可能存在多个世界，并用两个论点证明了它们不可能存在。
17. 第十七章，他对世界的唯一性提出了另一个论点。
18. 第十八章，他证明了元素移动至特定位置时，所途径的距离都并非无限的，这与他之前的假设相符。
19. 第十九章，他反驳了与前一章节所提及观点相反的看法。
20. 第二十章，他以两则论据再次证明了世界的唯一性。
21. 第二十一章，他对部分人认为存在其它世界的观点进行原因分析。
22. 第二十二章，他为上一章的分析找出了答案，进而印证了他的观点。
23. 第二十三章，他在先前章节提出的假设“任何生物均无法脱离本世界生存”在本章得到了证明。
24. 第二十四章，他证明了本世界之外不存在任何与活物相关的物体。
25. 第二十五章，他开始探讨世界是否具备永恒性，同时对其他古代思想家的观点进行了讨论。
26. 第二十六章，他对柏拉图的观点进行了反驳。
27. 第二十七章，他对恩培多克勒和阿那克萨哥拉的观点进行了反驳。
28. 第二十八章，他详细解释了接下来将会使用的各种概念。
29. 第二十九章，他讨论了力的可能性及其极限。
30. 第三十章，他断言一切有开端、会演变的事物均会面临终结，而一切会面临终结的事物都曾有过或将会有开端。
31. 第三十一章，他致力于证明“无始无终”、“无终无始”这一客观法则；同时还试图证明“无始即永恒”、“永恒便无始”的观点。
32. 第三十二章，他证明了此研究领域所使用的一些术语是如何能够用于别处的。
33. 第三十三章，他再次尝试证明“有始必有终”、“有终亦有始”的观点。
34. 第三十四章，他就同一问题进行了深入论证。
35. 第三十五章，他为“所有会腐朽之物必然终结”这一观点提供了辩护支持，还对先前论题进行了进一步论证。
36. 第三十六章，他从自然科学的角度提出了另一则更为具体的论据，加以证明他的论点。
内容（英文）
God be praised, here begins Aristotle's treatise On Heaven and Earth, which I, Nicole Oresmus, dean of the church of Rouen, propose to translate and explain in French by order of the almighty and most illustrious Prince Charles, the fifth named, by the grace of God, king of France, seeker and lover of all noble wisdom.
This work bears this title because it treats of the heavens and the elements of which the world is composed, the word world including the four elements contained in and under the heavens; for in this treatise the world is commonly interpreted otherwise to mean the whole mass of the heavens together with the four elements. Elsewhere world is used in several other senses not relevant to this treatise.This work contains four separate books. In the first of these, Aristotle considers the cosmos as a whole, as a unit in itself, and discusses its characteristic properties; in the second book he discusses the heavens; in the third book he examines the views of his predecessors on the elements; in the fourth book he expresses his own view of the elements. The first book contains thirty-six chapters.
1. In the first chapter, Aristotle proves that the world is perfect in both quantity and size.
2. In the second chapter, he explains how bodies in the world are capable of three simple movements.
3. In the third chapter, he applies his observations regarding local movements to several earthly bodies.
4. In the fourth chapter, he presents five reasons why, in addition to the four elements, it is necessary to assume another simple body.
5. In the fifth chapter, he shows that the heavens are neither heavy nor light.
6. In the sixth chapter, he suggests that the heavens could neither have been created, nor corrupted, nor increased, nor decreased, nor changed.
7. In the seventh chapter, he presents three proofs of what he has just stated.
8. In the eighth chapter, he shows that circular movement is not contradictory.
9. In the ninth chapter, he aims to determine whether there exists any infinite body.
10. In the tenth chapter, he shows that it is impossible for a body moving in a circle to be infinite.
11. In the eleventh chapter, he shows that no body capable of straight-line motion can be infinite.
12. In the twelfth chapter, he shows that neither heaviness nor lightness can be infinite.
13. In the thirteenth chapter, he broadly argues that no body can be infinite, basing his reasons on the rules governing local movement.
14. In the fourteenth chapter, he shows that no body can be infinite, using reasons based generally on all types of movements or actions.
15. In the fifteenth chapter, he presents other, more general and less obvious reasons to show that no body can be infinite.
16. In the sixteenth chapter, he proposes to determine whether there exist or can exist multiple worlds, and with two arguments proves that they cannot.
17. In the seventeenth chapter, he proves with another argument that there can only be one world.
18. In the eighteenth chapter, he proves that the elements move to certain specific places without the distance to them being infinite, which he had previously assumed.
19. In the nineteenth chapter, he refutes views contrary to what is stated in the previous chapter.
20. In the twentieth chapter, he again proves with two reasons that there can be only one world.
21. In the twenty-first chapter, he presents the reason why some believed that multiple worlds could exist.
22. In the twenty-second chapter, he finds an answer to the above argument, thereby confirming his view.
23. In the twenty-third chapter, he shows that no living body can exist outside this world, which he had previously assumed.
24. In the twenty-fourth chapter, he shows that there is nothing concerning a living body outside this world.
25. In the twenty-fifth chapter, he begins to question whether the world is eternal, and discusses the views of other ancient thinkers.
26. In the twenty-sixth chapter, he refutes Plato's view.
27. In the twenty-seventh chapter, he refutes the views of Empedocles and Anaxagoras.
28. In the twenty-eighth chapter, he precisely explains various concepts that he will continue to use.
29. In the twenty-ninth chapter, he addresses the problem of the possible and the impossible with respect to a given force.
30. In the thirtieth chapter, he asserts and begins to prove that everything that had a beginning, and all things subject to change, will have an end, and also that everything that ends had or will have a beginning.
31. In the thirty-first chapter, he tries to prove as a universal law that what is not without a beginning is not without an end, and if it is not without an end, then it is not without a beginning; also, that what has no beginning is eternal, and if it is eternal, it is without a beginning.
32. In the thirty-second chapter, he shows how certain concepts used in this area of study are translatable.
33. In the thirty-third chapter, he again tries to prove that everything that had a beginning will necessarily have an end, and that everything that will have an end had a beginning.
34. In the thirty-fourth chapter, he further argues the same problem.
35. In the thirty-fifth chapter, he defends the idea that all perishable things will necessarily be destroyed, and further argues the previous question.
36. In the thirty-sixth chapter, he provides another more specific reason from natural science to support his claim.
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